{"license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Class A Atlas (https://classa.info)","count":123,"rows":[{"city_slug":"new-york","city_name":"New York","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Manhattan leases are predominantly modified-gross structures with operating-expense and real-estate-tax escalations over a base year. Free rent (12-18 months on a 10-year term) and tenant improvement allowances ($130-$180/sqft for high-spec build-outs) are core economic levers. Personal guarantees are uncommon at institutional tenant scale; Good Guy Guarantees remain standard for smaller suites."},{"city_slug":"london","city_name":"London","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":24,"notes":"London leases are predominantly Full Repairing and Insuring (FRI). Tenant pays service charge and is responsible for dilapidations on lease end. Rent reviews to open-market rent every 5 years are standard. Rent-free periods of 18-30 months on a 10-year term are typical, with 'capped' rent-free for break-clause certainty. Personal guarantees are uncommon for institutional tenants; rent deposits are common for younger covenants."},{"city_slug":"singapore","city_name":"Singapore","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":4,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Singapore leases are typically 3-5 years, gross-rent based with the landlord covering most operating expenses inside the rent. Rent-free of 4-9 months on a 5-year term is standard. Rent reviews on renewal are open-market. Bank guarantees of 3-6 months are routine. Reinstatement at lease-end is contractual and usually significant — budget for it."},{"city_slug":"hong-kong","city_name":"Hong Kong","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Hong Kong leases are typically 3 years (with renewal option) or 6 years on the trophy tier. Rent-free of 6-12 months on a 3-year term is current market. Rent is gross with management fees billed separately. Stamp duty is payable on lease execution. Bank guarantees of 3 months are standard."},{"city_slug":"tokyo","city_name":"Tokyo","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Tokyo leases are typically 5-7 years with a 2-year tenant notice. Standard leases are 'fixed-term' (teiki shakuya) or 'ordinary' (futsu shakuya) — fixed-term is increasingly common for Grade A. Rent is base + common-area maintenance billed separately. Restoration to original (genjo kaifuku) is contractual and significant. Personal seal (jitsuin) requirements apply."},{"city_slug":"paris","city_name":"Paris","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":9,"typical_rent_free_months":18,"notes":"The bail commercial is the standard lease — 9 years with tenant break rights at year 3 and year 6. Rent is indexed annually to the ILAT or ICC indices. Rent-free of 12-24 months on a 9-year term is standard. Service charges and tax foncière are typically passed through. Restoration to original is the default obligation."},{"city_slug":"san-francisco","city_name":"San Francisco","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":22,"notes":"Modified-gross with operating-expense escalations over a base year. Rent-free of 18-30 months on a 10-year term is current market for trophy assets in lease-up. TI of $150-$220/sqft is achievable. Termination options at year 5 are increasingly negotiable."},{"city_slug":"los-angeles","city_name":"Los Angeles","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Modified-gross with op-ex escalations. Rent-free 12-20 months on a 10-year term is standard. TI of $130-$200/sqft achievable. California Civil Code 1938 disclosure (CASp) is mandatory."},{"city_slug":"chicago","city_name":"Chicago","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":22,"notes":"Modified-gross with op-ex escalations over a base year. Rent-free 18-30 months and TI $120-$200/sqft on a 10-year term are current market."},{"city_slug":"boston","city_name":"Boston","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":18,"notes":"Modified-gross with op-ex escalations. Rent-free 18-24 months on 10-year term standard. Lab leases carry distinct economics — base rent plus operating expenses plus utilities pass-through."},{"city_slug":"toronto","city_name":"Toronto","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":18,"notes":"Net leases — tenant pays a base rent plus a proportional share of operating expenses, realty taxes, and utilities (TMI). Rent-free of 12-24 months on a 10-year term is current market. Bank guarantees common for non-investment-grade covenants."},{"city_slug":"dubai","city_name":"Dubai","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":3,"notes":"Standard lease 3 years with annual rent escalators (typically 5%) and a renewal option. Service charges billed separately. Security deposit of 5-10% standard. Ejari (lease registration) is mandatory."},{"city_slug":"frankfurt","city_name":"Frankfurt","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":9,"notes":"German leases run 5-10 years with break rights. Rent reviews are indexed to the CPI (Verbraucherpreisindex). Tenant pays Nebenkosten (operating costs) on top of base rent. Cautio (security deposit) of 3-6 months is typical."},{"city_slug":"zurich","city_name":"Zurich","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Standard 5-10 year leases. Rent indexed to Swiss CPI annually. Nebenkosten billed separately. Cautio (deposit) of 3-6 months standard. Cantonal stamp duty applies."},{"city_slug":"amsterdam","city_name":"Amsterdam","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Dutch leases run 5-10 years with break rights. Rent indexed to CPI annually. Servicekosten (operating expenses) billed separately. Bank guarantees of 3-6 months standard."},{"city_slug":"madrid","city_name":"Madrid","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Standard 5-year lease with 5-year extension option (5+5). Rent indexed to CPI annually. Service charges billed separately. Tenant typically pays IBI (real estate tax) and basura (waste tax). Bank guarantee of 3-6 months standard."},{"city_slug":"shanghai","city_name":"Shanghai","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Standard 3-year lease with renewal option. Rent gross of management fees but exclusive of utilities. Bank guarantee or rent deposit of 3-6 months standard. Reinstatement at lease-end is contractual."},{"city_slug":"seoul","city_name":"Seoul","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Standard 5-year lease (often 3+2). Rent + management fees billed separately. Large jeonse (lease deposit) common — 10-20x monthly rent. Reinstatement contractual."},{"city_slug":"sydney","city_name":"Sydney","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":30,"notes":"Standard 5-10 year lease. Gross or net structure (both common). Australian leases distinguish 'face rent' (headline) from 'effective rent' (face minus incentive). Incentives of 30-40% are now standard — typically structured as rent abatement, fit-out contribution, or both."},{"city_slug":"mumbai","city_name":"Mumbai","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Standard 5-year lease (often 3+2 or 5+5). Rent quoted as INR per square foot per month. Maintenance billed separately. Security deposit of 6-12 months standard. Stamp duty payable on lease execution."},{"city_slug":"washington-dc","city_name":"Washington DC","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Modified-gross structures with operating-expense pass-throughs over a base year. Federal GSA leases are typically full-service with cap on operating-expense growth. Free rent of 14-18 months and TI allowances of $130-$150/sqft are typical on 10-year private-sector deals."},{"city_slug":"miami","city_name":"Miami","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":9,"notes":"Modified-gross structures dominate; 7-10 year terms are common. Free rent of 6-12 months and TI of $80-$140/sqft typical on a 10-year deal. Personal guarantees common for sub-investment-grade tenants."},{"city_slug":"atlanta","city_name":"Atlanta","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":8,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Modified-gross structures; 7-10 year terms standard. Free rent of 12-18 months and TI of $80-$120/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal. Generous concession environment given vacancy."},{"city_slug":"dallas","city_name":"Dallas","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":16,"notes":"Modified-gross structures with operating-expense pass-throughs. 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 14-18 months and TI of $80-$140/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal. Concession-rich market."},{"city_slug":"houston","city_name":"Houston","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":18,"notes":"Modified-gross structures with operating-expense pass-throughs. 10-15 year terms common for trophy energy tenants. Free rent of 16-24 months and TI of $80-$140/sqft typical. Heavy concession packages."},{"city_slug":"seattle","city_name":"Seattle","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":16,"notes":"Modified-gross structures with operating-expense pass-throughs. 10-12 year terms standard for trophy. Free rent of 12-18 months and TI of $100-$150/sqft typical on a 10-year deal."},{"city_slug":"austin","city_name":"Austin","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":18,"notes":"Modified-gross structures with opex pass-throughs. 7-10 year terms common; trophy can push to 12-15. Free rent of 14-22 months and TI of $100-$150/sqft typical."},{"city_slug":"denver","city_name":"Denver","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Modified-gross structures. 7-10 year terms standard. Free rent of 12-16 months and TI of $80-$120/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"philadelphia","city_name":"Philadelphia","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Modified-gross structures with opex pass-throughs. 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 12-16 months and TI of $90-$130/sqft typical."},{"city_slug":"minneapolis","city_name":"Minneapolis","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":16,"notes":"Modified-gross structures with opex pass-throughs. 10-year terms standard for trophy. Free rent of 14-18 months and TI of $80-$120/sqft typical on a 10-year deal."},{"city_slug":"san-diego","city_name":"San Diego","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Modified-gross structures with opex pass-throughs. 10-12 year terms common for life sciences. Free rent of 10-14 months and TI of $100-$160/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal; lab fitouts run materially higher."},{"city_slug":"vancouver","city_name":"Vancouver","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":10,"notes":"Net leases dominate (tenant pays opex, taxes, insurance separately). 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 8-12 months and TI of C$60-$110/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"montreal","city_name":"Montreal","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Net leases (tenant pays opex separately). 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 10-14 months and TI of C$60-$100/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"calgary","city_name":"Calgary","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":18,"notes":"Net leases (tenant pays opex, taxes, insurance separately). 10-year terms standard for trophy; shorter terms common in a soft market. Free rent of 14-22 months and TI of C$80-$130/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"ottawa","city_name":"Ottawa","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Net leases (tenant pays opex, taxes, insurance separately). 10-year terms standard; federal GSA leases often longer. Free rent of 10-14 months and TI of C$70-$110/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"berlin","city_name":"Berlin","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Net leases dominate. 5-10 year terms; tenants frequently negotiate break options at year 3 or 5. Free rent of 3-6 months on a 5-year deal; TI of €60-€100/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"munich","city_name":"Munich","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":3,"notes":"Net leases. 5-10 year terms with break options. Free rent of 3-6 months and TI of €70-€110/sqm typical on a 5-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"milan","city_name":"Milan","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":6,"typical_rent_free_months":5,"notes":"Net leases under the 6+6 standard (six-year minimum with tenant renewal option for another six). Free rent of 4-9 months and TI of €60-€100/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"dublin","city_name":"Dublin","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"FRI (Full Repairing and Insuring) leases dominate. 10-year terms with tenant break options at year 5 standard. Free rent of 9-15 months and TI of €60-€110/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"stockholm","city_name":"Stockholm","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Net leases. 5-7 year terms standard. Free rent of 3-6 months and TI of SEK 1,500-2,500/sqm typical on a 5-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"brussels","city_name":"Brussels","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":9,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Net leases. 9-year terms with break options at years 3 and 6 (Belgian 3/6/9 standard). Free rent of 6-12 months and TI of €60-€100/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"luxembourg","city_name":"Luxembourg","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":9,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases. 9-year terms with break options at years 3 and 6 standard. Free rent of 6-9 months and TI of €60-€100/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"warsaw","city_name":"Warsaw","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases (tenant pays opex, taxes, insurance separately). 5-7 year terms standard. Free rent of 4-9 months and TI of PLN 250-400/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"copenhagen","city_name":"Copenhagen","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Net leases. 5-7 year terms with break options. Free rent of 3-6 months and TI of DKK 800-1,500/sqm typical on a 5-year deal."},{"city_slug":"lisbon","city_name":"Lisbon","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Net leases. 5-year terms with optional renewal standard. Free rent of 3-5 months and TI of €50-€90/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"bangalore","city_name":"Bangalore","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":9,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases (tenant pays opex, taxes separately). 9-year terms with 3-year lock-ins standard. Free rent of 4-9 months and TI of INR 1,500-3,000/sqft typical on a 9-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"delhi-ncr","city_name":"Delhi-NCR","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":9,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases. 9-year terms with 3-year lock-ins. Free rent of 4-9 months and TI of INR 1,500-3,000/sqft typical."},{"city_slug":"hyderabad","city_name":"Hyderabad","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":9,"typical_rent_free_months":7,"notes":"Net leases. 9-year terms with 3-year lock-ins. Free rent of 5-9 months and TI of INR 1,500-3,000/sqft typical."},{"city_slug":"beijing","city_name":"Beijing","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Net leases. 5-7 year terms standard. Free rent of 6-12 months and TI of CNY 1,000-2,000/sqm typical on a 5-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"shenzhen","city_name":"Shenzhen","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":10,"notes":"Net leases. 5-7 year terms standard. Free rent of 8-15 months and TI of CNY 1,000-2,000/sqm typical on a 5-year deal. Concession environment is rich."},{"city_slug":"guangzhou","city_name":"Guangzhou","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Net leases. 5-7 year terms standard. Free rent of 6-12 months and TI of CNY 1,000-1,800/sqm typical on a 5-year deal."},{"city_slug":"taipei","city_name":"Taipei","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":3,"notes":"Net leases. 3-5 year terms standard with renewal options. Free rent of 2-4 months and TI of TWD 800-1,500/ping typical on a 5-year deal."},{"city_slug":"osaka","city_name":"Osaka","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":4,"typical_rent_free_months":2,"notes":"Standard Japanese commercial lease (futsuu shakuyaku) — 2-3 year terms with auto-renewal; or fixed-term lease (teiki shakuyaku) of 4-10 years. Security deposit (shikikin) of 10-12 months standard. Free rent of 2-4 months on a 4-year deal."},{"city_slug":"melbourne","city_name":"Melbourne","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Net leases. 7-10 year terms standard. Incentives of 30-45% (combination of free rent, fitout, and rent abatement) typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"bangkok","city_name":"Bangkok","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Net leases. 3-year terms with renewal options standard (Thai property law caps standard registered lease at 3 years; longer leases require land department registration). Free rent of 3-6 months on a 3-year deal."},{"city_slug":"kuala-lumpur","city_name":"Kuala Lumpur","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases. 3-year terms with renewal options standard. Free rent of 4-9 months and TI of MYR 200-350/sqm typical on a 3-year deal."},{"city_slug":"jakarta","city_name":"Jakarta","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases. 3-year terms with renewal options standard (HGU/HGB land tenure considerations apply). Free rent of 4-9 months on a 3-year deal."},{"city_slug":"manila","city_name":"Manila","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":5,"notes":"Net leases. 3-5 year terms with renewal options standard. Free rent of 4-9 months on a 5-year deal."},{"city_slug":"ho-chi-minh-city","city_name":"Ho Chi Minh City","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Net leases. 3-year terms with renewal options. Free rent of 3-6 months and TI of VND 6-12M/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"tel-aviv","city_name":"Tel Aviv","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases. 5-7 year terms standard. Free rent of 4-9 months and TI of ILS 600-1,200/sqm typical on a 5-year deal."},{"city_slug":"riyadh","city_name":"Riyadh","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Net leases. 5-year terms with renewal options standard. Free rent of 3-6 months on a 5-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"doha","city_name":"Doha","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases. 5-year terms with renewal options standard. Free rent of 4-9 months on a 5-year deal."},{"city_slug":"abu-dhabi","city_name":"Abu Dhabi","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases. 3-year terms with renewal options. Free rent of 4-9 months on a 3-year deal. Several free zones (ADGM, KIZAD) operate under separate property regimes."},{"city_slug":"johannesburg","city_name":"Johannesburg","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases. 5-7 year terms with escalation clauses. Free rent of 4-8 months and TI of ZAR 800-1,500/sqm typical on a 5-year deal."},{"city_slug":"cape-town","city_name":"Cape Town","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":5,"notes":"Net leases. 5-7 year terms with escalation clauses. Free rent of 3-7 months and TI of ZAR 800-1,500/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"nairobi","city_name":"Nairobi","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases. 5-6 year terms with escalation clauses. Free rent of 4-8 months and TI of KES 4,000-7,000/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"lagos","city_name":"Lagos","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":2,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"USD-pegged or naira leases (USD common for international tenants). 2-3 year terms standard with renewal options. Often payable annually or 6-monthly in advance. Free rent of 3-6 months on a 3-year deal."},{"city_slug":"mexico-city","city_name":"Mexico City","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases. 5-7 year terms with renewal options. Free rent of 4-9 months and TI of MXN 1,200-2,200/sqm typical. Most trophy leases are USD-pegged for international tenants."},{"city_slug":"sao-paulo","city_name":"São Paulo","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases. 5-year terms standard with statutory renewal rights under Brazilian commercial lease law (Lei do Inquilinato). Free rent of 4-9 months and TI of BRL 600-1,200/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"bogota","city_name":"Bogotá","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":5,"notes":"Net leases. 5-year terms with renewal options. Free rent of 3-6 months and TI of COP 350,000-700,000/sqm typical."},{"city_slug":"santiago","city_name":"Santiago","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Net leases. 5-year terms with renewal options. Free rent of 3-6 months and TI of CLP 280,000-500,000/sqm typical. UF (Unidad de Fomento) inflation indexation common."},{"city_slug":"buenos-aires","city_name":"Buenos Aires","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":5,"notes":"Net leases. 3-5 year terms. Trophy international leases predominantly USD-denominated with USD payment required. Domestic peso leases include high inflation indexation."},{"city_slug":"vienna","city_name":"Vienna","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Net leases with operating-expense pass-throughs (Betriebskosten) are standard. CPI indexation (VPI) is universal. Lease lengths of 5 years are typical with break options; longer terms negotiable for full-floor takes. Free rent of 4-8 months and EUR 250-350/sqm fit-out contributions are typical on prime deals."},{"city_slug":"charlotte","city_name":"Charlotte","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Modified-gross structures with operating-expense pass-throughs over a base year. 10-year terms standard for Class A. Free rent of 12-16 months and TI of $90-$120/sqft are typical on a 10-year deal; trophy lease-ups push higher."},{"city_slug":"nashville","city_name":"Nashville","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Modified-gross structures with operating-expense pass-throughs. 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 10-14 months and TI of $90-$130/sqft typical on 10-year Class A deals."},{"city_slug":"phoenix","city_name":"Phoenix","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Modified-gross structures with operating-expense pass-throughs. 7-10 year terms standard. Free rent of 10-14 months and TI of $80-$110/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal. Concession-rich market."},{"city_slug":"raleigh-durham","city_name":"Raleigh-Durham","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Modified-gross structures. 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 10-14 months and TI of $80-$120/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"tampa","city_name":"Tampa","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Modified-gross structures. 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 10-14 months and TI of $90-$130/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"orlando","city_name":"Orlando","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Modified-gross structures. 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 10-14 months and TI of $80-$110/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"salt-lake-city","city_name":"Salt Lake City","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":10,"notes":"Modified-gross structures. 7-10 year terms standard. Free rent of 8-12 months and TI of $70-$100/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"portland-or","city_name":"Portland (OR)","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":16,"notes":"Modified-gross structures. 7-10 year terms standard. Free rent of 14-18 months and TI of $90-$130/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal. Concession-rich market."},{"city_slug":"pittsburgh","city_name":"Pittsburgh","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Modified-gross structures. 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 12-16 months and TI of $80-$110/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal. Concession-rich market."},{"city_slug":"detroit","city_name":"Detroit","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Modified-gross structures. 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 12-16 months and TI of $70-$100/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal. Concession-rich market."},{"city_slug":"indianapolis","city_name":"Indianapolis","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Modified-gross structures. 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 10-14 months and TI of $70-$100/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"kansas-city","city_name":"Kansas City","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Modified-gross structures. 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 10-14 months and TI of $70-$100/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"baltimore","city_name":"Baltimore","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":14,"notes":"Modified-gross structures. 10-year terms standard. Free rent of 12-16 months and TI of $80-$110/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal."},{"city_slug":"calgary","city_name":"Calgary","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":18,"notes":"Triple-net (NNN) structures with operating cost recoveries and property tax pass-throughs. 5-10 year terms standard. Free rent of 14-20 months and TI of CAD 60-90/sqft typical on a 10-year Class A deal. Most generous concession environment in major Canadian markets."},{"city_slug":"ottawa","city_name":"Ottawa","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Triple-net (NNN) structures with operating cost and tax recoveries. Government of Canada leases follow PSPC standard terms with 10-year base + renewal options. Free rent of 8-12 months and TI of CAD 65-90/sqft typical on private-sector 10-year deals."},{"city_slug":"manchester","city_name":"Manchester","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":18,"notes":"Full Repairing and Insuring (FRI) structures predominate. 10-year terms with 5-year tenant breaks are standard. Rent reviews to open-market every 5 years. Rent-free periods of 18-24 months on a 10-year term, plus £40-£60/sqft TI typical."},{"city_slug":"edinburgh","city_name":"Edinburgh","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":10,"typical_rent_free_months":18,"notes":"Full Repairing and Insuring (FRI) structures predominate. 10-year terms with 5-year tenant breaks standard. Scottish leases differ procedurally from English (different forms of guarantee, irritancy rather than forfeiture). Rent-free periods of 18-24 months on a 10-year term, plus £40-£60/sqft TI typical."},{"city_slug":"hamburg","city_name":"Hamburg","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"German double-net structure: tenant pays Nebenkosten (operating costs) and property tax pass-through. 5-10 year terms standard with renewal options. Rent-free periods of 4-8 months on a 10-year term plus EUR 200-400/sqm TI."},{"city_slug":"stuttgart","city_name":"Stuttgart","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"German double-net structure: tenant pays Nebenkosten and property tax pass-through. 5-10 year terms standard with renewal options. Rent-free periods of 4-8 months on a 10-year term plus EUR 200-400/sqm TI."},{"city_slug":"dusseldorf","city_name":"Düsseldorf","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"German double-net structure: tenant pays Nebenkosten and property tax pass-through. 5-10 year terms standard. Rent-free of 6-10 months on 10-year terms plus EUR 200-350/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"geneva","city_name":"Geneva","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Swiss double-net structure: tenant pays charges (operating costs) and indexed annual rent reviews. 5-10 year terms standard with break options. Rent-free periods of 3-6 months on 10-year terms typical — among the tightest in EMEA."},{"city_slug":"oslo","city_name":"Oslo","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Norwegian double-net structure: tenant pays felleskostnader (operating costs) and indexed annual reviews (KPI / CPI). 5-10 year terms standard. Rent-free of 6-12 months on 10-year terms plus NOK 4000-7000/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"helsinki","city_name":"Helsinki","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Finnish double-net structure: tenant pays vastikkeet (operating charges) and CPI-indexed annual reviews. 3-7 year terms standard with break options. Rent-free of 6-12 months on 10-year terms plus EUR 200-400/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"prague","city_name":"Prague","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Czech double-net structure (tenant pays operating costs and property tax pass-through). 5-10 year terms standard. Rents typically quoted in EUR. Rent-free of 4-8 months on 5-year terms plus EUR 150-300/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"budapest","city_name":"Budapest","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Hungarian double-net structure (tenant pays operating costs and property tax). 5-10 year terms standard. Rents typically quoted in EUR. Rent-free of 6-10 months on 5-year terms plus EUR 150-300/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"bucharest","city_name":"Bucharest","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":10,"notes":"Romanian double-net structure (tenant pays operating costs and property tax). 5-7 year terms standard. Rents typically quoted in EUR. Rent-free of 8-12 months on 5-year terms plus EUR 100-250/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"barcelona","city_name":"Barcelona","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Spanish double-net structure (tenant pays gastos comunes and IBI property tax). 5-10 year terms standard with frequent break options. Rents quoted EUR/sqm/month. Rent-free of 6-10 months on 5-year terms plus EUR 200-400/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"rome","city_name":"Rome","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":6,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Italian gross structure (rent often inclusive of operating costs); ISTAT CPI-indexed annual reviews. 6+6 year (six anni più sei) is the standard structure. Rent-free of 6-12 months on 6+6 terms plus EUR 200-400/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"rotterdam","city_name":"Rotterdam","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Dutch double-net structure (tenant pays servicekosten and property tax). 5-10 year terms standard with break options. CPI-indexed annual reviews. Rent-free of 4-8 months on 5-year terms plus EUR 200-400/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"athens","city_name":"Athens","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":6,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Greek gross structure (rent often inclusive of operating costs); CPI-indexed annual reviews. 6-12 year terms standard for institutional tenants. Rent-free of 4-8 months on 6-year terms plus EUR 100-300/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"auckland","city_name":"Auckland","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":6,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"New Zealand modified-gross structure (tenant pays operating expenses and rates as recoveries). 6-9 year terms standard. CPI-indexed reviews common; market reviews every 3 years typical. Rent-free of 4-8 months on 6-year terms plus NZD 800-1500/sqm TI."},{"city_slug":"brisbane","city_name":"Brisbane","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Australian gross structure (rent inclusive of outgoings up to a base year). 5-10 year terms standard with options. Reviews to CPI or fixed annual escalations. Rent-free of 6-12 months on 7-year terms plus AUD 1000-2000/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"perth","city_name":"Perth","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":7,"typical_rent_free_months":12,"notes":"Australian gross structure (rent inclusive of outgoings up to a base year). 5-10 year terms standard with options. Rent-free of 8-14 months on 7-year terms plus AUD 1000-2000/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"chennai","city_name":"Chennai","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":9,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Indian gross structure (rent inclusive of operating costs); CAM (common area maintenance) charged separately. 9-year terms with three-year locks standard. Rent-free of 4-9 months on 9-year terms plus INR 1500-2500/sqft TI typical."},{"city_slug":"pune","city_name":"Pune","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":9,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Indian gross structure (rent inclusive of operating costs); CAM charged separately. 9-year terms with three-year locks standard. Rent-free of 4-9 months on 9-year terms plus INR 1500-2500/sqft TI typical."},{"city_slug":"hangzhou","city_name":"Hangzhou","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Chinese gross structure (rent inclusive of property management fees and government surcharges). 3-5 year terms standard. Rent-free of 3-6 months on 5-year terms plus CNY 1500-3000/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"chengdu","city_name":"Chengdu","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Chinese gross structure (rent inclusive of property management fees). 3-5 year terms standard. Rent-free of 6-10 months on 5-year terms plus CNY 1200-2500/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"suzhou","city_name":"Suzhou","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Chinese gross structure (rent inclusive of property management fees). 3-5 year terms standard. Rent-free of 4-8 months on 5-year terms plus CNY 1500-2500/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"yokohama","city_name":"Yokohama","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Japanese gross structure (rent inclusive of management fees, separate from common area maintenance). 5-year terms standard with renewal options. Six-month security deposit typical. Rent-free of 3-6 months on 5-year terms."},{"city_slug":"nagoya","city_name":"Nagoya","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Japanese gross structure (rent inclusive of management fees). 5-year terms standard with renewal options. Six-month security deposit typical. Rent-free of 2-5 months on 5-year terms."},{"city_slug":"hanoi","city_name":"Hanoi","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Vietnamese gross structure (rent inclusive of management fees). Rents typically quoted in USD/sqm/month and paid in VND at official FX. 3-5 year terms standard. Rent-free of 4-8 months on 5-year terms plus USD 200-400/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"phnom-penh","city_name":"Phnom Penh","region":"APAC","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Cambodian gross structure (rent inclusive of management fees). Rents typically quoted in USD/sqm/month. 3-5 year terms standard. Rent-free of 4-8 months on 3-year terms plus USD 100-300/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"kuwait-city","city_name":"Kuwait City","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Kuwaiti gross structure (rent inclusive of utilities and basic services). 3-5 year terms standard. Rent-free of 3-6 months on 5-year terms plus KWD 50-100/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"manama","city_name":"Manama","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Bahraini gross structure (rent inclusive of utilities and basic services). 3-5 year terms standard. Rent-free of 4-8 months on 5-year terms plus BHD 30-60/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"cairo","city_name":"Cairo","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Egyptian gross structure (rent inclusive of utilities and basic services). Rents increasingly quoted in USD or USD-pegged EGP given currency volatility. 3-5 year terms standard. Rent-free of 3-6 months on 5-year terms plus EGP 1500-3000/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"casablanca","city_name":"Casablanca","region":"EMEA","typical_lease_years":3,"typical_rent_free_months":4,"notes":"Moroccan gross structure (rent inclusive of utilities). 3-5 year terms standard. Rent-free of 3-6 months on 5-year terms plus MAD 1500-3000/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"monterrey","city_name":"Monterrey","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Mexican gross structure (rent inclusive of management fees). 5-7 year terms standard. Rents typically quoted in USD/sqm/month with MXN payment. Rent-free of 4-8 months on 5-year terms plus USD 50-150/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"rio-de-janeiro","city_name":"Rio de Janeiro","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":8,"notes":"Brazilian gross structure (rent inclusive of condominium fees and IPTU property tax). 5-year terms standard with renewal options. IGP-M or IPCA inflation-indexed annual reviews. Rent-free of 6-12 months on 5-year terms plus BRL 1500-3000/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"panama-city","city_name":"Panama City","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":10,"notes":"Panamanian gross structure (rent inclusive of management fees). USD-denominated. 3-5 year terms standard. Rent-free of 8-12 months on 5-year terms plus USD 100-300/sqm TI typical."},{"city_slug":"san-jose-cr","city_name":"San José","region":"Americas","typical_lease_years":5,"typical_rent_free_months":6,"notes":"Costa Rican gross structure (rent inclusive of management fees). USD-denominated for Class A typically. 5-year terms standard. Rent-free of 4-8 months on 5-year terms plus USD 100-300/sqm TI typical."}]}